Yayın Zamanı:December 17, 2019
Abstract: Complying with the reduction of resources of nickel sulfide ore, it’s really urgent to high efficiently develop the laterite-nickel ore which occupies 72% of worldwide nickel resources. This article introduces the characteristics of worldwide laterite-nickel ore resources & domestic developing situation and expounds traditional wet process production process & progress. Atmospheric pressure leaching & bacterial leaching, etc. new leaching process has the characteristics of simple process, low consumption, easy to control the operation and low investment, etc, they will have very good developing foreground.
Keywords: laterite-nickel ore wet process refining technology development status
According to geologic origin, the nickel ore could be divided into two kinds: magma type nickel sulfide ore & weathering type laterite-nickel ore, while the laterite-nickel ore reserves occupies 72% of worldwide nickel resources. In recent years, due to the leading of stainless steel industry, the nickel demand in the worldwide keeps increasing, the stainless steel output of China has reached 10 million tons in 2008, while actual output is only 5.35 million tons and one of the important reasons is the short supply of nickel.
Şu anda, nikel sülfür cevherinden yaklaşık% 60 nikel çıkarılırken, nikel sülfür kaynakları hızla azalırken, madencilik derinliği derinleşirken kalite düşmekte, çıkarma zorluğu artmakta ve maliyet artmaktadır. Doğrudan nikel oksit, polidimit ve ferronikel üretebilen laterit-nikel cevherinin araştırılması ve çıkarılması maliyeti daha düşük olsa da, bu nedenle yüksek verimli gelişen laterit-nikel cevheri kaynakları gerçekten acildir. 1950'lerde, laterit-nikel cevherinden nikel çıkarılması dünya nikel üretiminin% 10'unu işgal ederken, 2008'de bu yüzde 455'e ulaştı ve 2012'de 510 000 ton olduğu tahmin ediliyor, bu yüzde% 51'e yükselmelidir.
The process of extracting nickel from laterite-nickel ore could be divided into fire process and wet process. Due to its high consumption and investment during refining process, fire process is mainly used for high quality laterite-nickel ore. However, though wet process has complicated process, long flow and high requirements on equipments, etc., compared to fire process, it has the advantages of lower consumption and high recovery rate of metal. Especially the progress of atmospheric pressure leaching and the appearance of new flow of wet process makes the center of developing & utilizing laterite-nickel ore has moved to wet process from fire process during tens years of development of wet process.
一、The categories & characteristics of worldwide laterite-nickel ore resources
Nikel oksit mineral yatağının üst kısmı, ıslak işlem işlemine uygun olan kahverengi demir cevheri lateritidir; Daha düşük, yangın işlemi için uygun olan magnezyum silisik asit nikel cevheridir (esas olarak serpantinittir). Orta geçiş bölümü iki yöntem için uygundur. Tahmine göre, ıslak işleme uygun laterit nikel cevherinin (limonit, nontronit, turface) rezervi, yangın işlemine uygun olanlardan (garnierit, hümik cevher) iki kat daha fazladır.
Laterit nikel cevheri kaynaklarının kademeli olarak gelişmesi ve kullanılmasına uygun olarak, insanlar işlevi ve türleri hakkında yeni bilgilere sahiptir: Yeni Kaledonya, Endonezya, Filipin, Papua Yeni Gine, Karayip Bölgesi gibi ekvatora yakın olan ıslak işlem olarak adlandırılan bir tanesi, derecesi daha yüksektir, kil daha azdır ve bu da tedavi için kolaydır; Diğer tür, esas olarak ekvatordan uzak olan güney yarımküre bölgesinde dağılan kuru süreçtir ve bileşimi karmaşıktır, kil içeriği daha yüksektir ve bu da tedavi için kolay değildir.
Laterit nikel cevherinin birkaç farklı türü olmasına rağmen, genel olarak bakıldığında; Aşağıdaki karakterlere sahiptirler:
1 、 Nikel içeriği% 1.0 ~ 3'tür, derecesi daha düşüktür ve bileşimi Nikel sülfür cevherinden daha karmaşıktır ve% 6'nın üzerinde olan daha yüksek nikel içeriğine sahip Nikel Cevheri Konsantresi elde etmek zordur, bu arada daha düşük nikel içeriğine sahip nikel cevherinin doğrudan basit metalurjik işlem için kullanılması zordur.
2、Fluctuation of component content is larger, not only the change of valuable elements content such as nickel is larger, meanwhile the composition change of gangue such as SiO2、MgO、Fe2O3、Al2O3 and water is larger, even in same mineral bed, the composition of laterite ore (Ni，Co，Fe & MgO) will gradually change complying with the depth of different mineral layers.
3 、 Az kobalt var, Kükürt içermez, cevherde ısı değeri yoktur.
4、The storage of ore is larger meanwhile it is on earth’s surface which is easy for collecting and it could be operated in the open-air and it has advantage for development.
二、Dünya çapında laterit-nikel cevherinin gelişim durumu
From the mark of laterite nickel ore development of New Caledonia, metal nickel production from laterite nickel has been over 100 year’s history so far. For recent years, due to huge requirements of nickel for stainless steel industry, many countries producing nickel actively enlarge the development and utilization of laterite nickel ore.
As we have less laterite nickel-ore resource, some large enterprises of China has caught the chances to enlarge the investment of laterite nickel-ore project of foreign countries. At present developed or been developed foreign laterite nickel ore projects are: 1) Bao-steel group and Jinchuan group invested 1 billion USD for nickel iron resource development in Philippines, 2) China Minmetals and Cuba set up nickel production with annual production of 22.5thousands t, 3) CNMC developed Myanmar nickel ore, its average grade of nickel ore is 2% which includes about 700 thousand t nickel; 4) CHINA METALLURGICAL CONSTRUCTION(GROUP)CORPORATION cooperated with Ji’en Nickel Company for nickel iron development whose average grade is about 1%; 5) China Campbell mineral company signed the contract with Myanmar Moweitang Nickel ore for cooperation, etc. In future laterite nickel project, wet process occupies large percent, and it is estimated to be 2012, the percent of wet process nickel production of total nickel production will increase from 62% to 80%.
三 、 Islak proses laterit-nikel cevherinin rafinaj teknolojisi durumu
1 、 Kavurmanın azaltılması - amonyak liç işlemi (RRAL)
Reducing roasting - ammonia leaching process (RRAL) is developed by Carson, thus it is called Caron process. Guba Nijialuo nickel plant utilizes reducing roasting – ammonia leaching process to treat Nickel laterite high-magnesium has been over half centuries, suitable for utilizing Ammonia Alkali leaching method to treat typical mineral composition which is 1.4％Ni，8％MgO，14％SiO2.
Nikel sondaj liç oranını iyileştirmek için, Amerikan maden bürosu kavurma - amonyak liç işlemini azaltmak için yeni bir işlem geliştirdi ve kısaltması USBM'dir. Bu yöntemin önemi, tahılı yapmak için FeS2 eklemek ve indirgeme için saf karbon monoksit kullanmaktır.
2 、 Sülfürik asit basınçlı asit liç işlemi (HPAL)
Sülfürik asit basınçlandırma asit liç işlemi, alt magnezya dahil kahverengi demir cevheri tipi laterit cevherinin işlenmesi için uygundur, asit liç işleminin basınçlandırılması prensibi aşağıdaki resimdeki gibidir, bu işlemin en büyük avantajları metalin geri dönüş oranı% 90'ın üzerine çıkabilir,
Resim 1: Asit liç işleminin basınçlandırılması prensibinin süreç akışı
This technology begins from 50s of 20th century; first it is used for Cuba Moa Bay ore calling A-MAX-PAL technology. Since after, in 70s Australia QNI Company sets up Yabula nickel plant, acid leaching process treats laterite nickel ore in New Caledonia, Indonesia & Queensland of Australia. On second half year of 1998, Murrin of Australia, Cawse, Bulong utilizes new process of pressurizing acid leaching of laterite ore to put developing project into operation and absorb large attention. The acid pressurizing leaching technology for these three processes is similar to Cuba Mo’ao Company, just utilizing horizontal autodave to replace the vertical autodave of Mo’ao Company. However, the return program has following difference:
1、In Cawse process, mixed metal hydroxides is precipitated from high pressure lixivium, then utilizes ammonia leaching them, and then have solvent exhaustion & electro-deposition.
2 、 Bulong işleminde, karışık sülfürleri yüksek basınçlı lixivium'dan çökeltmek için H2S'yi kullanır ve daha sonra aerobik koşullar altında sülfürü sıvılaştırır, daha sonra solvent tükenmesi, hidrojen indirgeme, tabletleme vb.
3 、 Murrin işleminde, doğrudan yüksek basınçlı lixivium'dan solvent tükenmesi ve elektro birikimi var.
The resources, annual production，achieving rate and design production of these three laterite nickel plant is shown in form 3. Seen from form 3, the process of three laterite ore HPAL project of Australia is not very satisfying, just the Cawse could reach 74% of the design production, manufacturing cost decrease from USD 4.1 to USD 1.54; the production of Murrin is 1/3 of the design production, however this conditions is reached under the situation of pushing again & again, Bulong plant is forced to be bankrupt in 2004 due to technology & fund problem.
Form 3 Simple situations of three HAPL nickel plants of west Australia
There are lots of problems on technology, mechanical design and cost calculation of these three projects, for example: the material chosen on equipment is not proper or the configuration is out of joint, etc. Though these three projects haven’t reaches the expected target, but the setting up of them has supplied precious experiences on the development of pressurizing acid leaching technology.
3 、 Islak işlemin diğer akışı
Atmospheric pressure leaching (AL): it is suitable for treating laterite nickel ore including lower iron content and higher magnesia content. At present Skye resource company is researching on developing Atmospheric pressure leaching for Guatemala laterite ore development, the residual acid leached from brown ore & acid released after precipitating of rubinglimmer which will be used for the composition of humus soil ore.
Dump leaching: it is mainly suitable for humus soil ore. The abundant results showing that: utilizing dump leaching technology, the leaching rate of nickel in 3 months could reach over 75%, the leaching rate of cobalt could reach over 60%. European Nickel company is having large-scale leaching experiment in Turnkey at present and it is expected to set up first dump leaching plant extracting nickel & cobalt.
Microwave sintering—pressurizing leaching method: to have micronwave sintering to disturb the crystal grating of mineral, then pressurize and leach under low temperature to make the iron ion be precipitated as the hematite type then strengthen the leaching and decrease the temperature and pressure of high pressure acid leaching.
Klorür ayrımı - amonyak liçi: Bir miktar karbonlu indirgeyici ve klorlama maddesi (sodyum klorür veya kalsiyum klorür) ekleyin, netural veya zayıf deoksidasyon atmosferinde ısıtın, değerli metalin cevherden uçucu hale gelmesini sağlayın, bu arada karbon tanesinin yüzeyini metal tanecik olacak şekilde azaltın. Daha sonra kavrulmuş ürün doğrudan amonyak liçi işlemine tabi tutulacaktır. Wang Chengyan, Yuanjiang pininin Nikel oksit cevherini arıtmak için bu yöntemi kullanıyor, test sonucu: nikelin liç oranı %80'in üzerindeyken, kobaltın liç oranı %50'nin üzerinde.
Bioleaching: via oxido-reduction of Microorganism makes metal dissolve effectively from low grade ore. Castro etc. has researched the bioleaching. The sample comes from Acesita mineral company, its chemical composition is 43.2％SiO2、0.09％Ni。The grinded grain size should be less than 147μm，while mineral leaching utilizes 5 kinds of auxohetertrophs. The Leaching conditions is: the weight of mineral sample should be 5kg (pre-sterilized under 121℃)，there is medium including microbe, temperature should be 30℃，the rotating rate of bottle should be 200r/min and the leaching rate of Ni is more than 80％。
Keywords: laterite-nickel ore wet process refining technology development status
According to geologic origin, the nickel ore could be divided into two kinds: magma type nickel sulfide ore & weathering type laterite-nickel ore, while the laterite-nickel ore reserves occupies 72% of worldwide nickel resources. In recent years, due to the leading of stainless steel industry, the nickel demand in the worldwide keeps increasing, the stainless steel output of China has reached 10 million tons in 2008, while actual output is only 5.35 million tons and one of the important reasons is the short supply of nickel.
Şu anda, nikel sülfür cevherinden yaklaşık% 60 nikel çıkarılırken, nikel sülfür kaynakları hızla azalırken, madencilik derinliği derinleşirken kalite düşmekte, çıkarma zorluğu artmakta ve maliyet artmaktadır. Doğrudan nikel oksit, polidimit ve ferronikel üretebilen laterit-nikel cevherinin araştırılması ve çıkarılması maliyeti daha düşük olsa da, bu nedenle yüksek verimli gelişen laterit-nikel cevheri kaynakları gerçekten acildir. 1950'lerde, laterit-nikel cevherinden nikel çıkarılması dünya nikel üretiminin% 10'unu işgal ederken, 2008'de bu yüzde 455'e ulaştı ve 2012'de 510 000 ton olduğu tahmin ediliyor, bu yüzde% 51'e yükselmelidir.
The process of extracting nickel from laterite-nickel ore could be divided into fire process and wet process. Due to its high consumption and investment during refining process, fire process is mainly used for high quality laterite-nickel ore. However, though wet process has complicated process, long flow and high requirements on equipments, etc., compared to fire process, it has the advantages of lower consumption and high recovery rate of metal. Especially the progress of atmospheric pressure leaching and the appearance of new flow of wet process makes the center of developing & utilizing laterite-nickel ore has moved to wet process from fire process during tens years of development of wet process.
一、The categories & characteristics of worldwide laterite-nickel ore resources
Nikel oksit mineral yatağının üst kısmı, ıslak işlem işlemine uygun olan kahverengi demir cevheri lateritidir; Daha düşük, yangın işlemi için uygun olan magnezyum silisik asit nikel cevheridir (esas olarak serpantinittir). Orta geçiş bölümü iki yöntem için uygundur. Tahmine göre, ıslak işleme uygun laterit nikel cevherinin (limonit, nontronit, turface) rezervi, yangın işlemine uygun olanlardan (garnierit, hümik cevher) iki kat daha fazladır.
Laterit nikel cevheri kaynaklarının kademeli olarak gelişmesi ve kullanılmasına uygun olarak, insanlar işlevi ve türleri hakkında yeni bilgilere sahiptir: Yeni Kaledonya, Endonezya, Filipin, Papua Yeni Gine, Karayip Bölgesi gibi ekvatora yakın olan ıslak işlem olarak adlandırılan bir tanesi, derecesi daha yüksektir, kil daha azdır ve bu da tedavi için kolaydır; Diğer tür, esas olarak ekvatordan uzak olan güney yarımküre bölgesinde dağılan kuru süreçtir ve bileşimi karmaşıktır, kil içeriği daha yüksektir ve bu da tedavi için kolay değildir.
Laterit nikel cevherinin birkaç farklı türü olmasına rağmen, genel olarak bakıldığında; Aşağıdaki karakterlere sahiptirler:
1 、 Nikel içeriği% 1.0 ~ 3'tür, derecesi daha düşüktür ve bileşimi Nikel sülfür cevherinden daha karmaşıktır ve% 6'nın üzerinde olan daha yüksek nikel içeriğine sahip Nikel Cevheri Konsantresi elde etmek zordur, bu arada daha düşük nikel içeriğine sahip nikel cevherinin doğrudan basit metalurjik işlem için kullanılması zordur.
2、Fluctuation of component content is larger, not only the change of valuable elements content such as nickel is larger, meanwhile the composition change of gangue such as SiO2、MgO、Fe2O3、Al2O3 and water is larger, even in same mineral bed, the composition of laterite ore (Ni，Co，Fe & MgO) will gradually change complying with the depth of different mineral layers.
3 、 Az kobalt var, Kükürt içermez, cevherde ısı değeri yoktur.
4、The storage of ore is larger meanwhile it is on earth’s surface which is easy for collecting and it could be operated in the open-air and it has advantage for development.
二、Dünya çapında laterit-nikel cevherinin gelişim durumu
From the mark of laterite nickel ore development of New Caledonia, metal nickel production from laterite nickel has been over 100 year’s history so far. For recent years, due to huge requirements of nickel for stainless steel industry, many countries producing nickel actively enlarge the development and utilization of laterite nickel ore.
As we have less laterite nickel-ore resource, some large enterprises of China has caught the chances to enlarge the investment of laterite nickel-ore project of foreign countries. At present developed or been developed foreign laterite nickel ore projects are: 1) Bao-steel group and Jinchuan group invested 1 billion USD for nickel iron resource development in Philippines, 2) China Minmetals and Cuba set up nickel production with annual production of 22.5thousands t, 3) CNMC developed Myanmar nickel ore, its average grade of nickel ore is 2% which includes about 700 thousand t nickel; 4) CHINA METALLURGICAL CONSTRUCTION(GROUP)CORPORATION cooperated with Ji’en Nickel Company for nickel iron development whose average grade is about 1%; 5) China Campbell mineral company signed the contract with Myanmar Moweitang Nickel ore for cooperation, etc. In future laterite nickel project, wet process occupies large percent, and it is estimated to be 2012, the percent of wet process nickel production of total nickel production will increase from 62% to 80%.
三 、 Islak proses laterit-nikel cevherinin rafinaj teknolojisi durumu
1 、 Kavurmanın azaltılması - amonyak liç işlemi (RRAL)
Reducing roasting - ammonia leaching process (RRAL) is developed by Carson, thus it is called Caron process. Guba Nijialuo nickel plant utilizes reducing roasting – ammonia leaching process to treat Nickel laterite high-magnesium has been over half centuries, suitable for utilizing Ammonia Alkali leaching method to treat typical mineral composition which is 1.4％Ni，8％MgO，14％SiO2.
Nikel sondaj liç oranını iyileştirmek için, Amerikan maden bürosu kavurma - amonyak liç işlemini azaltmak için yeni bir işlem geliştirdi ve kısaltması USBM'dir. Bu yöntemin önemi, tahılı yapmak için FeS2 eklemek ve indirgeme için saf karbon monoksit kullanmaktır.
2 、 Sülfürik asit basınçlı asit liç işlemi (HPAL)
Sülfürik asit basınçlandırma asit liç işlemi, alt magnezya dahil kahverengi demir cevheri tipi laterit cevherinin işlenmesi için uygundur, asit liç işleminin basınçlandırılması prensibi aşağıdaki resimdeki gibidir, bu işlemin en büyük avantajları metalin geri dönüş oranı% 90'ın üzerine çıkabilir,
Resim 1: Asit liç işleminin basınçlandırılması prensibinin süreç akışı
This technology begins from 50s of 20th century; first it is used for Cuba Moa Bay ore calling A-MAX-PAL technology. Since after, in 70s Australia QNI Company sets up Yabula nickel plant, acid leaching process treats laterite nickel ore in New Caledonia, Indonesia & Queensland of Australia. On second half year of 1998, Murrin of Australia, Cawse, Bulong utilizes new process of pressurizing acid leaching of laterite ore to put developing project into operation and absorb large attention. The acid pressurizing leaching technology for these three processes is similar to Cuba Mo’ao Company, just utilizing horizontal autodave to replace the vertical autodave of Mo’ao Company. However, the return program has following difference:
1、In Cawse process, mixed metal hydroxides is precipitated from high pressure lixivium, then utilizes ammonia leaching them, and then have solvent exhaustion & electro-deposition.
2 、 Bulong işleminde, karışık sülfürleri yüksek basınçlı lixivium'dan çökeltmek için H2S'yi kullanır ve daha sonra aerobik koşullar altında sülfürü sıvılaştırır, daha sonra solvent tükenmesi, hidrojen indirgeme, tabletleme vb.
3 、 Murrin işleminde, doğrudan yüksek basınçlı lixivium'dan solvent tükenmesi ve elektro birikimi var.
The resources, annual production，achieving rate and design production of these three laterite nickel plant is shown in form 3. Seen from form 3, the process of three laterite ore HPAL project of Australia is not very satisfying, just the Cawse could reach 74% of the design production, manufacturing cost decrease from USD 4.1 to USD 1.54; the production of Murrin is 1/3 of the design production, however this conditions is reached under the situation of pushing again & again, Bulong plant is forced to be bankrupt in 2004 due to technology & fund problem.
Form 3 Simple situations of three HAPL nickel plants of west Australia
There are lots of problems on technology, mechanical design and cost calculation of these three projects, for example: the material chosen on equipment is not proper or the configuration is out of joint, etc. Though these three projects haven’t reaches the expected target, but the setting up of them has supplied precious experiences on the development of pressurizing acid leaching technology.
3 、 Islak işlemin diğer akışı
Atmospheric pressure leaching (AL): it is suitable for treating laterite nickel ore including lower iron content and higher magnesia content. At present Skye resource company is researching on developing Atmospheric pressure leaching for Guatemala laterite ore development, the residual acid leached from brown ore & acid released after precipitating of rubinglimmer which will be used for the composition of humus soil ore.
Dump leaching: it is mainly suitable for humus soil ore. The abundant results showing that: utilizing dump leaching technology, the leaching rate of nickel in 3 months could reach over 75%, the leaching rate of cobalt could reach over 60%. European Nickel company is having large-scale leaching experiment in Turnkey at present and it is expected to set up first dump leaching plant extracting nickel & cobalt.
Microwave sintering—pressurizing leaching method: to have micronwave sintering to disturb the crystal grating of mineral, then pressurize and leach under low temperature to make the iron ion be precipitated as the hematite type then strengthen the leaching and decrease the temperature and pressure of high pressure acid leaching.
Klorür ayrımı - amonyak liçi: Bir miktar karbonlu indirgeyici ve klorlama maddesi (sodyum klorür veya kalsiyum klorür) ekleyin, netural veya zayıf deoksidasyon atmosferinde ısıtın, değerli metalin cevherden uçucu hale gelmesini sağlayın, bu arada karbon tanesinin yüzeyini metal tanecik olacak şekilde azaltın. Daha sonra kavrulmuş ürün doğrudan amonyak liçi işlemine tabi tutulacaktır. Wang Chengyan, Yuanjiang pininin Nikel oksit cevherini arıtmak için bu yöntemi kullanıyor, test sonucu: nikelin liç oranı %80'in üzerindeyken, kobaltın liç oranı %50'nin üzerinde.
Bioleaching: via oxido-reduction of Microorganism makes metal dissolve effectively from low grade ore. Castro etc. has researched the bioleaching. The sample comes from Acesita mineral company, its chemical composition is 43.2％SiO2、0.09％Ni。The grinded grain size should be less than 147μm，while mineral leaching utilizes 5 kinds of auxohetertrophs. The Leaching conditions is: the weight of mineral sample should be 5kg (pre-sterilized under 121℃)，there is medium including microbe, temperature should be 30℃，the rotating rate of bottle should be 200r/min and the leaching rate of Ni is more than 80％。